landmark
last / at last
lately / recently
learn / study
left-hand /
left-handed
lend / borrow
lie / lay
lift / hold / carry
line
linking signals
little / a little
locations
lonely / alone / on one's own
look / seem
look up / search /
search for
loose / lose
luck / fortune / chance
|
linking signals
| |
|
| 1 |
Listing
and adding: 번호순으로 또는 덧붙여 말하고자 할 때 다음 부사들을
활용한다. first (firstly), second (secondly), next, last,
finally, to begin with, in the second place, to conclude, also,
moreover, furthermore, what is more. |
| 1) |
This meeting will cover three
issues: First, we shall discuss last year's sales; second,
this year's new products; third, strategies for selling our
product line. |
| 2) |
He was shy to begin with,
but then he got more confident. |
| 3) |
In the first place, I
don't understand what you're talking about, so how can I make a
decision? |
| 4) |
I want some pie, and also
some coffee. |
| |
|
| 2 |
Making a
new start: 좀 각도가 다른 말을 시작할 때
well, now이 사용된다. |
| 1) |
You know the guy I was telling
you about? Well, he dropped out of school. |
| 2) |
Well, I guess we ought
to be getting back. |
| 3) |
Okay, now, who's next? |
| 4) |
Now tell me how it
happened. |
| |
|
| 3 |
Changing the subject:
말하는 주제를 바꾸고자 할 때 by the way나 incidentally를
사용한다. |
| 1) |
Incidentally, who are you? |
| 2) |
Incidentally, are you coming
to the meeting? |
| 3) |
Yes, I know she's from
Germany. Incidentally, did you know that I speak German? |
| 4) |
By the way, who will be there? |
| 5) |
By the way, did you enjoy that
book I lent you? |
| 6) |
Oh, by the way, do you have my
new address? |
| 7) |
Oh, by the way, Vicky called
while you were out. |
| |
|
| 4 |
summery and generalization:요약하거나
개괄적인 말을 할 때 in a word, in short, to
sum up, altogether를 사용한다. |
| 1) |
Did you have a good vacation?
In a word, no. |
| 2) |
In a word, the party's
over. |
| 3) |
The band were, in a word,
sloppy. |
| 4) |
To sum up, it is now
clear that the spread of AIDS will not be easily stopped. |
| 5) |
In short, the project
is just too expensive. |
| 6) |
Let me give you the facts
in brief. |
| 7) |
In brief, the President
plans to cut defense spending and lower taxes. |
| 8) |
Latin America is a world where
primitive ways of life exist near ultra-modern cities. Altogether,
it is a continent full of vitality. |
| |
|
| 5 |
Reformulation:
말을 바꾸어서 말하고자 할 때 in other words, rather, better를
활용한다. |
| 1) |
I think it's the most boring
movie ever made! In other words, you don't like it. |
| 2) |
Well, Randy's not quite ready
to make a decision yet. So, in other words, we have to wait,
right? |
| 3) |
I got a B, or rather a
B+, on the exam. |
| 4) |
It was late Monday night or
rather early Tuesday morning. |
| 5) |
There is a problem with
parking, or rather with the lack of it. |
| |
|
| 6 |
Explanation |
| a) |
expanding and clarifying:
확장 또는 명확하게 말하고자 할 때 that is, that is to say,
i.e.를 이용한다. |
| 1) |
One solution would be to
change the shape of the TV screen - that is, to make it
wider. |
| |
|
| b) |
precise description:
정확한 묘사를 할 때 namely, viz를
이용한다. |
| 1) |
Storni used earlier poetic
movements, namely Romanticism and modernism, as models for
her poetry. |
| |
|
| c) |
illustration:
예증을 들 때 for example, for instance를
사용한다. |
| 1) |
Many flowers are fragrant:
lilacs, for example. |
| 2) |
He wants a luxury car, a
Mercedes, for example. |
| 3) |
There are many things I would
like to learn; for instance, how to swim. |
| 4) |
Her many different hobbies
includes, for instance, skating and stamp collecting. |
| |
|
| 7 |
Reinforcement:
더 강화시켜 말할 때 besides, in any
case, in fact, anyway, furthermore, what is more를
이용한다. |
| 1) |
I wouldn't enjoy the show.
Besides, it's too expensive. |
| 2) |
I don't want to go shopping;
besides, I have no money. |
| 3) |
Most Americans increased their
wealth in the past. Furthermore, the gains were substantial. |
| 4) |
These detergents are
environmentally friendly; what's more, they're relatively
cheap. |
|
He was shy
to begin with,
but then he got more confident.
Okay, now,
who's next?
By the way,
did you enjoy that
book I lent you?
The band were, in a word,
sloppy.
I think it's the most boring
movie
ever made!
In other words, you don't like it.
One solution would be to
change the shape of the TV screen - that is, to make it
wider.
I don't want
to go shopping; besides, I have no money. |
